Encylopedia Jr
The Kid's Encyclopedia: A great information resource for kids, schools, and anybody who wants to learn.
Kids: Be sure to check with your parents or teachers before using this or any web site.



Browse by Subject
Browse by Letter

This site is designed to be an encyclopedia for use by kids. Kids and children, please ask your parents or teachers prior to using this site or the internet.







Secretary of State

From Encyclopedia Jr, free information reference for Kids

In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple Secretaries of State in the government.

Crown officers whose responsibilities were similar to those of today's governmental ministers.

Contents

[edit] Belgium

As in France, a Secretary of State in Belgium is a junior minister who is responsible to a minister or the Prime Minister. For example, Vincent Van Quickenborne is a Secretary of State charged with the simplification of the administration, and in this role he is accountable to the Prime Minister, Guy Verhofstadt.

[edit] Germany

In Germany, a Secretary of State (Staatssekretär) in most of the federal and state ministries is a junior minister. There also exists the office of Parliamentary Secretary of State (Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär): this is a member of parliament serving as a political aide to a federal minister. In the Foreign Office they are known, for diplomatic reasons, as Ministers of State.

[edit] Holy See

The Cardinal Secretary of State presides over the Secretariat of State, which is the most important dicastery of the Roman Curia, as it organizes, makes appointments to, and directs the activities of the other dicasteries. During a sede vacante, the former Secretary of State (the appointment expires when the pope dies or resigns) assumes some of the functions of the head of state as a part of a temporary commission.

[edit] Mexico

In Mexico a Secretary of State is a member of the Mexican Executive Cabinet who responds to the President of the Republic

[edit] The Netherlands

In the Netherlands, a staatssecretaris is a government official directly accountable to a minister. The position of secretary of state has existed since 1948 and is described article 46 of the constitution of the Netherlands. According to the constitution, secretaries of state may be instated and fired by Royal Order (which means by the minister), but in practice these positions are usually created and held for the duration of the cabinet and they can even be used as bargaining chips in coalition negotiations. Again according to the constitution, the secretary of state may act as minister in those cases where the minister deems this necessary, taking the minister's directions into account. In practice this usually means that the secretary is responsible for a subfield of the minister's field of work and reports to parliament on issues concerning his field. Secretaries of state may attend the meetings of the council of ministers when they concern their own field, but may not vote in these meetings.


[edit] Norway

A statssekretær in Norway plays more or less the same role as the French equivalent. Secretaries of State are connected to specific ministry, and serve as a de facto vice minister.

[edit] Spain

A Secretario de Estado is a junior minister. Each ministry may have several Secretaries of State . For example the Secretary of State for Latin America works for the Minister of Foreign Affairs

[edit] Switzerland

In the Swiss federal administration, secretaries of state are the most senior career officials. The title is conferred by the Swiss Federal Council on heads of federal offices whose duties entail independent interaction with senior foreign authorities (cf. article 46 of the Government and Administration Organisation Act). In practice, the function of a secretary of state is the same as in France.

[edit] United Kingdom

Main article: Secretary of State (United Kingdom)

In the United Kingdom, a Secretary of State is a cabinet minister in charge of one of a number of government departments. Not all government departments have Secretaries of State, e.g. HM Treasury is headed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Secretary of State positions can be created without primary legislation; and legislation refers to "Secretary of State", since at law there is only one office of Secretary of State, even though it may in practice be split between several people.

The ancient English monarchs always had in attendance a learned ecclesiastic, known at first as their clerk, and afterwards as "Secretary", who conducted the royal correspondence; but it was not until the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (reigned 1558–1603) that these functionaries gained the title "Secretaries of State". Upon the direction of public affairs passing from the Privy Council to the Cabinet after 1688 the Secretaries of State began to assume those high duties which now render their office one of the most influential of an administration.

Until the time of Henry VIII (reigned 1509–1547), monarchs generally had only one Secretary of State, but at the end of his reign a second Principal Secretary appeared. The number of Secretaries gradually increased over the years. There are currently thirteen people heading fifteen ministries as Secretaries of State. Since devolution the Secretaries of State for the three devolved nations have combined their office with another. As of June 2005 the Wales and the Northern Ireland offices were linked, as was the Scotland Office and the Department for Transport. This linking can change as the Prime Minister desires. In addition the Deputy Prime Minister currently holds the title "First Secretary of State".

[edit] Current positions

  • Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
  • Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs
  • Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport
  • Secretary of State for Defence
  • Secretary of State for Education and Skills
  • Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
  • Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (usually called the Foreign Secretary)
  • Secretary of State for Health
  • Secretary of State for the Home Department (usually called the Home Secretary)
  • Secretary of State for International Development
  • Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
  • Secretary of State for Scotland (usually called the Scottish Secretary)
  • Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
  • Secretary of State for Transport
  • Secretary of State for Wales (usually called the Welsh Secretary)
  • Secretary of State for Work and Pensions

[edit] United States

Main article: United States Secretary of State

In the United States federal government, the main role of the Secretary of State is to supervise and conduct foreign policy. He or she is head of the United States Department of State. The current U.S. Secretary of State is Condoleezza Rice.

[edit] U.S. States

In the individual states of the United States, the Secretary of State is an administrative officer responsible for a variety of governmental functions, depending on the constitution and laws of the particular state. In three states (Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia), the position is called Secretary of the Commonwealth. For more detail see Secretary of State (U.S. state government).

For articles about individual secretaries of state throughout the U.S, please see List of Secretaries of State (U.S. States).

[edit] Scotland

Main article: Secretary of State, Scotland

After 1709 see Secretary of State for Scotland

[edit] Russia

In Russia, part of the function of Secretary of State is carried on by the Foreign Minister of Russia. The situation is confused by the break-up of the USSR and the fact that each member of the old USSR had a secretary (or head) for each republic.

List of people who were Secretary of State

  • Count Karl Nesselrode, State Secretary in 1814, Foreign Minister in 1816
  • Count Giovanni Antonio Capo d'Istria in 1816
  • M. de Freigang sometime in the 1820-1828 time period
  • Sergei Witte 1903-1905
  • Andrei Gromyko in 1979
  • Gennady Burbulis in 1993
  • Igor Ivanov until 2003
  • Pavel Borodin in 2003

[edit] See also

  • Minister (government)

[edit] San Marino

In the Republic of San Marino a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a State Department. The Secretary of State is a member of the Council of Ministers (Congresso di Stato).


Citation Help

APA Style: Reference List

Encyclopedia Jr (2007). Secretary of state. Retrieved May 28, 2012, from http://www.encyclopediajr.com/wikiarticle/s/e/c/secretary_of_state.

MLA Style: Works Cited Page

"Secretary of state." Encyclopedia Jr. 2007. 28 May 2012 <http://www.encyclopediajr.com/wikiarticle/s/e/c/secretary_of_state>.


This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article secretary_of_state.


Encyclopedia Jr Home Page  Parents and Teachers  About Encyclopedia Junior 


This site is a product of TSI, Copyright 2012, All Rights Reserved. By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use.