Red Wolf

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Red Wolf

Critically endangered (CR)

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Genus:	Canis
Species:	C. rufus

Binomial name

Canis rufus
Audubon and Bachman, 1851

This article deals with the North American mammal, the red wolf. For the Yemeni tribespeople known as the "Red Wolves," see: Qutaibi.

The Red Wolf (Canis rufus) is the rarest and most endangered of all wolves^{[citation needed]}. It is thought that its original distribution included much of eastern North America, where Red Wolves were found from Pennsylvania in the east, Florida in the south, and Texas in the west. On the basis of further study, its historic range is now thought to have extended further north into the northeastern USA and extreme eastern Canada. In the last century, however, persecution, habitat destruction, and hybridization with Coyotes have brought the Red Wolf to the brink of extinction. Only about 270 wolves remain. For decades, the Red Wolf has been indistinguishable genetically from either the Gray Wolf or the coyote.^{[ 2 ]} The Red Wolf breeds with both species and may again be in peril as contact with other species in the wild resumes.^{[ 5 ]}

Traditionally, three subspecies of Red Wolf are recognised. Two of these subspecies are extinct. Canis rufus floridanus has been extinct since 1930 and Canis rufus rufus was declared extinct by 1970. Canis rufus gregoryi, the surviving subspecies, was extirpated in 1980, although that status was changed to critical when 100 wolves were reintroduced in North Carolina.

In 1987 approximately 100 were reintroduced into the wild as the 1st island propagation project in the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge off the coast of North Carolina. In 1989 the 2nd island propagation project initiated with release of a population on Horn Island of the Mississippi coast. This population was moved in 1998 because of a likelihood of encounters with humans. The 3rd island propagation project introduced a population on St. Vincent Island, Florida offshore between Cape San Blas and Apalachicola, Florida in 1990 and in 1997 the 4th island propagation programme introduced a population to Cape St. George Island, Florida south of Apalachicola, Florida. There are 170 in captivity. Historical habitats included forests, swamps and coastal prairies, where it was an apex predator.

1 Anatomy
2 Habits and Social Structure
3 Taxonomy
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

[edit] Anatomy

The Red Wolf is a medium-sized canid, smaller and more slender than the Grey Wolf but larger than the coyote. Adult males weigh between 25 - 35 kilograms (60 - 80 lb) while females are generally two-thirds this range. Their coats may take a variety of colours: black, brown and grey through cinnamon and yellow. The reddish coats for which they are named was typical of some Texan populations. In the wild average life spans are estimated as low as four years; in captivity this rises as high as fourteen years.

[edit] Habits and Social Structure

Red wolves are shy and wary creatures. They prefer to hunt alone or in small family groups; pack sizes are smaller than those of their grey cousins, consisting often of one adult pair and their offspring.

As in other canids pair-bonding is strong and red wolves mate for life. They mate yearly and two or three pups are usually born in the spring. Both parents help raise the offspring who are mature enough to leave behind parental support at six months of age.

Their diet consists of small animals, including rabbits, raccoons and rodents. They occasionally bring down deer with the help of other red wolves and they supplement their diet with insects and berries.

[edit] Taxonomy

The taxonomic status of the Red Wolf has long been controversial: the original view, based on morphologic research by Nowak ^{[ 6 ]} is that the red wolf is a distinct species. More recent genetic research^{[ 2 ]} and cross-breeding potential ^{[ 3 ]} indicates that the Red Wolf is simply a recent hybrid between the Grey Wolf and the Coyote. Genetic comparison is considered by modern biologists to be superior to morphological comparison.

On the whole, genetic evidence does not support the view that there has been a distinct Red Wolf population, but much confusion and not a little controversy remains. There seems little doubt that there has been considerable hybridisation between Red Wolves, Grey Wolves, and Coyotes, and that in recent years the Red Wolf has declined and been replaced over most of its range by Coyotes. The red wolf and the coyote have not reached a sufficient state of reproductive isolation to be considered biological species - that is, each one forms a distinct evolutionary lineage. Over time the Red Wolf lineage would probably be absorbed back into those of the other two species, as it still can hybridize with both.

In 1999, Brad White of McMaster University and Paul Wilson of Trent University found evidence suggesting that the wolves of south-eastern Canada (previously assumed to be Grey Wolves) were in fact Red Wolves, a view which has since found support in fossil, genetic and morphological evidence. The Eastern Canadian Wolf, as this population has been named, ranges from Minnesota to Quebec.

A red wolf

The taxonomic debate is not simply a matter of accurate classification. Although the actual patterns of evolution are complex and subtle, human classification schemes usually rely on relatively simple, hard-edged divisions, such as the concept of species. It remains a crucial concept, as many environmental policy decisions revolve around the species concept and the result of this debate determines the expenditure of money by the EPA to preserve this potential species, thus removing that money from the efforts to preserve other endangered animals. In law, a distinct "species" is much better protected than a "subspecies". The Grey Wolf-Red Wolf-Coyote dilemma is a striking example of the influence of political rhetoric and fiduciary decisions on the outcomes of scientific research and evaluation.

[edit] See also

Maned Wolf, a separate canid species called Red Wolf in Brazil.
Tamaskan A breed of dog which resembles a wolf without any wolf content

[edit] References

Kelly et al (2004). Canis rufus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 05 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered
^ Roy, M.S., Geffen, E., Smith, D., Ostrander, E.A. & Wayne, R.K. (1994). "Patterns of differentiation and hybridization in North American wolflike canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci.". Molecular Biology and Evolution 11 : 553–570.
^ Roy, M.S., Girman, D.G., Taylor, A.C. & Wayne, R.K. (1994). "The use of museum specimens to reconstruct the genetic variability and relationships of extinct populations.". Experientia 50 : 551-557.
^ Wayne, R.K. & Jenks, S.M. (1991). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus". Nature 351 : 565-568.
^ Wayne, R.K., Lehman, N., Allard, M.W. & Honeycutt, R.L. (1992). "Mitochondrial DNA variability of the grey wolf - genetic consequences of population decline and habitat fragmentation". Conservation Biology 6 : 559-569.
^ R. Nowak, R.M. (1992). "The red wolf is not a hybrid.". Conservation Biology 6 : 593-595.

[edit] External links