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Manufacturing

From Encyclopedia Jr, free information reference for Kids

Manufacturing, a branch of industry which accounts for about one-quarter of the world's economic activity, is the application of tools and a processing medium to the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale. This effort includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead. The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering.

According to some unorthodox economists, manufacturing is a wealth producing sector of an economy, whereas a service sector tends to be wealth consuming.[1] [2] Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense.

On the other hand, some manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. Developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. In the United States, manufacturers are subject to regulations by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency. In Europe, pollution taxes to offset environmental costs are another form of regulation on manufacturing activity. Labor Unions and craft guilds have played a historic role negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing.

Examples of major manufacturers in the United States include General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Chrysler, Boeing, Gates Rubber Company and Pfizer. Examples in Europe include France's Airbus and Michelin Tire. Modern proponents of Fair Trade policy and a strong manufacturing base for the U.S. economy inlude economists like Paul Craig Roberts, Ravi Batra, and Lou Dobbs.

Contents

[edit] Context

  • The economics and commercial management of a manufacturing company is covered in Business.
  • The classification of those Businesses is covered in Industry.
  • The economic decisions taken within this activity is covered in Production.
  • The law as applied to businesses in covered in Commercial Law.
  • The general management of a business is in Management (see also: General manager).
  • The political impact of the development of industry is covered in Political economy
  • The use of computer technology is covered by Product Lifecycle Management.

[edit] History and development

Although handicraft production has existed for many millennia, modern-style manufacturing is generally regarded as beginning around 1780 with the British Industrial Revolution, spreading thereafter to Continental Europe and North America, and subsequently around the world. Originally, the term applied to commodities or artifacts which were "made by hand".

  • The beginnings of manufacturing is covered in the Industrial Revolution.
  • The development of the manufacturing facility is covered in the Factory.
  • The development of the applied science behind manufacturing is covered in Industrial processes.
  • The changing methods of Manufacturing are covered in Manufacturing Systems in the main article.

[edit] Taxonomy of manufacturing processes

Taxonomy of manufacturing processes (separate page)

[edit] Manufacturing categories

[edit] Manufacturing systems

  • Craft or Guild system
  • English system of manufacturing
  • American System of manufacturing
  • Soviet collectivism in manufacturing
  • Mass production
  • Just In Time manufacturing
  • Lean manufacturing
  • Flexible manufacturing
  • Mass customization
  • Agile manufacturing
  • Rapid manufacturing
  • Prefabrication

[edit] Theories

  • Taylorism
  • Fordism
  • Scientific management

[edit] Control

  • Management
    • List of management topics
    • Total Quality Management
  • Quality control
    • Six Sigma

[edit] Manufacturing engineering

  • Production engineering
  • Industrial engineering
  • Computer-aided manufacturing
  • Computer integrated manufacturing
  • Numerically controlled
  • Computer numerically controlled
  • Distributed control systems
  • Fieldbus control systems
  • Programmable logic controllers

[edit] Design

  • Rapid prototyping
  • Computer aided design
  • New product development
  • Toolkits for User Innovation
  • Configuration systems

[edit] Lists of related topics

  • list of engineering topics
  • list of management topics
  • list of production topics
  • list of marketing topics
  • list of economics topics
  • list of international trade topics
  • list of finance topics
  • list of accounting topics
  • list of information technology management topics
  • list of business law topics
  • list of human resource management topics
  • list of business theorists
  • list of economists
  • list of corporate leaders

[edit] See also

  • Assembly line
  • Automakers
  • AFL-CIO
  • Deindustrialization
  • Distributor
  • Emerging technologies
  • Factory
  • Fair Trade
  • Industry
  • Industrial robot
  • Labor
  • Laser
  • Laser cutting
  • Materials
  • Management
  • Manufacturing Belt
  • NAFTA
  • National Association of Manufacturers
  • Primary sector of industry
  • Secondary sector of industry
  • Tertiary sector of industry
  • Quaternary sector of industry
  • Selective laser sintering
  • UAW
  • Warehouse
  • Wholesaler

[edit] References

  1. ^ David Friedman, New America Foundation (2002-06-16).No Light at the End of the Tunnel Los Angeles Times.
  2. ^ Sir Keith Joseph, Center for Policy Studies (1976-04-05).Stockton Lecture, Monetarism Is Not Enough, with forward by Margaret Thatcher. (Barry Rose Pub.) Margaret Thatcher Foundation (2006).

[edit] External links

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Citation Help

APA Style: Reference List

Encyclopedia Jr (2007). Manufacturing. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://www.encyclopediajr.com/wikiarticle/m/a/n/manufacturing.

MLA Style: Works Cited Page

"Manufacturing." Encyclopedia Jr. 2007. 27 May 2012 <http://www.encyclopediajr.com/wikiarticle/m/a/n/manufacturing>.


This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article manufacturing.


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