Cohabitation

Cohabitation is defined as an emotional, physical, and intellectually intimate relationship which includes a common living place and which exists without the benefit of legal, cultural, or religious sanction.

[edit] Description

The cohabiting population, although inclusive of all ages, is mainly made up of those between the ages of 25 and 34^[1]. Several common reasons that lead couples to decide to live together include: wanting to test compatibility or establish financial security before marrying, a desire to live as married when same-sex marriages are not legal, living with someone before marriage as a way to avoid divorce, a way for polygamists to avoid anti-polygamy laws, a way to avoid the higher income taxes paid by some 2-income married couples (in the United States), and seeing little difference between the commitment to live together and the commitment to marriage.

Some couples prefer cohabitation because it does not legally commit them for an extended period of time, and because it is easier to establish and dissolve. In some countries (such as Scotland) and some states in the United States, such cohabitations can be viewed legally as common-law marriages, either after the duration of a specified period or the birth of a child of the couple, or if the couple consider one another as husband and wife and behave accordingly. (This helps provide the surviving partner a legal basis for inheriting the deceased's belongings in the event of the death of their cohabiting partner.)

In most states of the United States, there is no legal registration or definition of cohabitation, so demographers have developed various methods of identifying cohabitation and measuring its prevalence. Most important of these is the Census Bureau, which currently describes an "unmarried partner" as "A person age 15 years and over, who is not related to the householder, who shares living quarters, and who has a close personal relationship with the householder."^[2] Before 1995, the Bureau euphemistically identified any "unrelated" opposite-sex couple living with no other adults as POSSLQs, or Persons of Opposite Sex Sharing Living Quarters.^[3], and they still report these numbers to show historical trends. However, such measures should be taken loosely, as researchers report that cohabitation often does not have clear start and end dates, as people move in and out of each other's homes and sometimes do not agree on the definition of their living arrangement at a particular moment in time.^[4]

In 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau reported 4.85 million cohabiting couples, up more than 1,000 percent from 1960, when there were 439,000 such couples. A 2000 study found that more than half of newlyweds lived together, at least briefly, before walking down the aisle.

[edit] Opposition

Traditionally in the Western world, a man and a woman who lived together without being married were socially shunned.^{[citation needed]} In some jurisdictions, this was even illegal.^{[citation needed]} Today, cohabitation is a common pattern among younger people, especially those who desire marriage but whose financial situation temporarily precludes it.^{[citation needed]}

Much opposition to cohabitation comes from conservative religious groups; among them are conservative Christians. Such groups base their views on biblical verses that they see as critical of premarital sex.^{[citation needed]} Such groups sometimes call cohabitation "living in sin." While many conservative Christians feel that cohabitation is harmful to both partners, they see it as especially dangerous for a woman who may become pregnant and be left by her boyfriend. These critics also point to several studies that have shown that former cohabitators are much more likely to divorce than married couples who have not cohabited prior to marriage. (It should be noted that many couples who are morally opposed to cohabitation are also morally opposed to divorce.)^{[citation needed]} They also claim that this second group reports higher levels of sexual satisfaction .^{[citation needed]}

Other opponents refer to cohabitation with the epithet "shacking up."

Opposition also comes from pro family groups concerned that the short length of cohabitations (the average first cohabitation in the UK lasts two years) makes such set ups a less suitable environment for raising children in (for divorces, the average marriage in the UK has lasted around 11 years).^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Legal status in the United States

Some places, including the state of California, have laws that recognize cohabiting couples as "domestic partners". In California, such couples are defined as people who "have chosen to share one another's lives in an intimate and committed relationship of mutual caring," including having a "common residence."^[5] This recognition lead to the creation of a "Domestic Partners Registry", which is available to same-sex couples and opposite-sex couples in which at least one of the partners is age 62 or older, granting them limited legal recognition and some rights similar to those of married couples.

Decades ago, it was illegal in every state for adult lovers to live together without being married. Today, on the other hand, just 7 states (Mississippi, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Florida, North Dakota, and Michigan) still criminalize cohabitation by heterosexual partners, although they are generally not enforced. [1] Many legal scholars believe that in light of in Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003) such laws making cohabitation illegal are unconstitutional (a North Carolina Superior Court judge has struck down the North Carolina law on that basis).^[6]

[edit] Cohabitation worldwide

[edit] Europe

• In Sweden and Norway, cohabitation is very common; roughly 50% of all children are born into families of unmarried couples while the same figure for several Western European countries is roughly 10%.

• In late 2005, 21% of families in Finland consisted of cohabitating couples (all age groups). Of couples with children, 18% were cohabitating^[7]. Of ages 18 and above in 2003, 13.4% were cohabitating^[8]. Generally, cohabitation amongst Finns is most common for people under 30. Legal obstacles for cohabitation were removed in 1926 in a reform of the Finnish penal code, while the phenomen was socially accepted much later on.

• In the UK 25% of children are now born to cohabiting parents. Just over 50% of these children will see their parents separate before their 5th birthday.

• In France, 17.5% of couples were cohabiting as of 1999.[2]

[edit] Middle East

• The cohabitation rate in Israel is less than 3% of all couples), compared to 8%, on average, in West European countries.[ http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:o4c2ySqPx1cJ:www.cbs.gov.il/statistical/mw2004_e.pdf+cohabitation+israel&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=14&lr=lang_en]

[edit] South America

• In Mexico, 18.7% of couples were cohabiting as of 2000.[3]

[edit] Pacific

• In New Zealand, 18.3% of couples were cohabiting as of 2001.[4]

[edit] North America

• In Canada, 16.0% of couples were cohabiting as of 2001 (29.8.% in Quebec, adn 11.7% in the other provinces).[5]

• In the United States, 8.2% of couples were cohabiting as of 2001.[6]

[edit] See also

• Family
  • Family law
• Child
  • Illegitimacy
• Interpersonal relationship and Intimate relationship
  • Common-law marriage
  • Divorce
  • Domestic partnership
  • Marriage
• POSSLQ

[edit] References

1. ^ Cohabitation is replacing dating USA Today 7/17/2005
2. ^ See "Household Type and Relationship".
3. ^ See "Current Population Survey (CPS) - Definitions and Explanations"
4. ^ Manning, Wendy D. and Pamela J. Smock. 2005. "Measuring and Modeling Cohabitation: New Perspectives from Qualitative Data." Journal of Marriage and Family 67(4):989-1002.
5. ^ See California Family Code Section 297.
6. ^ See "Judge strikes down law banning cohabitation" and "N.C. law banning cohabitation struck down".
7. ^ The Finnish population structure of 2005 at Statistics Finland (Finnish/Swedish)
8. ^ Elected MPs and candidates by family type in 2003 at Statistics Finland (English)

[edit] External links

• Alternatives to marriage project