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For other uses, see Bushwhackers (disambiguation).
Bushwhacking was a form of guerrilla warfare during the American Civil War that was particularly prevalent in rural areas where there were sharp divisions between those favoring the North and South in the conflict. The people doing the attacks were called bushwhackers.
Bushwhackers were not, generally, part of the military command and control of either side. While bushwackers conducted a few well organized raids, in which they burned cities, most of the attacks involved ambushes of opponent individuals or families in rural areas. In areas affected by bushwhacking the actions were particularly insidious since it amounted to a fight of neighbor against neighbor and the attacks bordered on vigilante justice. Since the attacks were non-uniformed the government response was complicated by trying to decide whether they were legitimate military attacks or criminal actions.
[edit] Union and Confederate bushwhackers
The term was widely used during the conflict, though it came to be particularly associated with the guerrillas of Missouri, where such warfare was most intense. Guerrilla warfare also wracked Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and northern Virginia, among other locations.
Pro-Union guerrilla fighters in Kansas were called jayhawkers. They used the same tactics as the bushwhackers, though none as notably notorious as those involved in the Lawrence Massacre.
In some areas, particularly the Appalachian regions of Tennessee and North Carolina, the term bushwhackers was used for Union partisans who attacked Confederate forces. During the Gettysburg Campaign, Pennsylvanian civilians at times bushwhacked stragglers from the Army of Northern Virginia.
[edit] Partisan rangers vs. bushwhackers
In most areas, irregular warfare operated as an adjunct to conventional military operations. The most famous such "partisan ranger" (to use the title adopted by the Confederate government in formally authorizing such insurgents) was Col. John Singleton Mosby, who carried out raids on Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley.
In Missouri, however, secessionist bushwhackers operated outside of the Confederate chain of command. On occasion, a prominent bushwhacker chieftain might receive formal Confederate rank (notably William Clarke Quantrill), or receive written orders from a Confederate general (as "Bloody Bill" Anderson did in October 1864 during a large-scale Southern incursion into Missouri, or as when Joseph C. Porter was authorized by Gen. Sterling Price to recruit in northeast Missouri). For the most part, however, Missouri's bushwhacker squads were self-organized groups of young men, predominantly from the strongly slave holding counties along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, who took it upon themselves to attack Federal forces and their Unionist neighbors both in Kansas and in response to Federal invasions of their home state.
[edit] Missouri's internecine warfare
The guerrilla conflict in Missouri was, in many respects, a civil war within the Civil War. One of the most famous men who fought as a bushwhacker was Jesse James, who began to fight in 1864 at the age of sixteen. During months of often intense combat, he only battled fellow Missourians, ranging from Missouri regiments of U.S. Volunteer troops to state militia to unarmed Unionist civilians. The single confirmed instance of him exchanging fire with Federal troops from another state occurred a month after the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee, during a near-fatal encounter with Wisconsin cavalrymen. In the course of the war, his mother was arrested, his stepfather tortured, and his family banished temporarily from Missouri by state militiamen—all Unionist Missourians.
[edit] Atrocities
As is often the case in insurgencies, the conflict with Confederate bushwhackers everywhere rapidly escalated into a succession of atrocities committed by both sides. Union troops often executed suspects without trial, and burned the homes of suspected guerrillas and those suspected of aiding or harboring them. Where credentials were suspect, the accused bushwhacker was often executed, as in the case of Lt. Col. Frisby McCullough after the Battle of Kirksville. Bushwhackers frequently went house to house, executing Unionist farmers.
In response to the Kansas Jayhawkers sacking Osceola, Missouri in which the entire town was set aflame and nearly all of the male residents killed, and the collapse of a Kansas City, Missouri, jail in which female relatives of bushwhackers were incarcerated, Bill Quantrill led a raid in August 1863 on Lawrence, Kansas, burning the town and murdering some 200 men and boys. In response, the Union district commander, Thomas Ewing, Jr., ordered the depopulation of three and a half Missouri counties along the Kansas border from Kansas City, Missouri south. (The Missouri-Kansas conflict was in many ways a continuation of Bleeding Kansas violence.) In other areas, individual families (including that of Jesse and Frank James and the grandparents and mother of future President Harry Truman) were banished from Missouri.
Next to the attack on Lawrence, perhaps the most notorious atrocity conducted by Confederate bushwhackers was the murder of 22 unarmed Union soldiers pulled from a train in the Centralia Massacre (Missouri). In an ambush of pursuing Union forces shortly thereafter, the bushwhackers executed all of their prisoners, killing well over 100 Federal troops. In October 1864, "Bloody Bill" Anderson was tricked into an ambush and killed by state militiamen under the command of Col. Samuel P. Cox. Anderson's body was displayed by the jubilant citizens, and his head was severed.
[edit] Postwar banditry
After the end of the war, the survivors of Anderson's band (including the James brothers) remained together under the leadership of Archie Clement, one of Anderson's lieutenants, and began a series of armed robberies in February 1866. This group became known as the James-Younger Gang after the death or capture of the older outlaws (including Clement), and the addition of former bushwhacker Cole Younger and his brothers. In December 1869, Jesse James became the most famous of this group when he emerged as the prime suspect in the robbery of the Daviess County Savings Association in Gallatin, Missouri, and the murder of the cashier, John W. Sheets. During Jesse's flight from the scene, he declared that he had killed Samuel P. Cox, and had taken revenge for Anderson's death. (Cox lived in Gallatin, and the killer apparently mistook Sheets for the former militia officer.) Throughout Jesse James' criminal career, he would often write to the newspapers with pride of his role as a bushwhacker, rallying the support of former Confederates and other Missourians who had been victimized by Federal authorities during the Civil War and Reconstruction.
In 1867 near Nevada, Missouri, a band of bushwhackers shot and killed Sheriff Joseph Bailey, a former Union brigadier general, who was attempting to arrest them.
[edit] In popular culture
- The films The Outlaw Josey Wales and Ride with the Devil are both about bushwhackers.
- In comic books, the name of one of The Punisher's enemies is Bushwacker
- The firm associated with Millwall F.C. is called the "Bushwackers"
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] External links